In Latin and other languages, Fluxus literally means flow and change Essay

In Latin and other languages, â€Å"Fluxus† literally means â€Å"flow† and â€Å"change.† Similarly, the related English word â€Å"flux† is used variously to mean â€Å"a state of continuous change†,†a fusion.† Fluxus ideas were prevalent well before the 1960’s, growing with the idea of intermedia, but first summarised, exemplified and presented in a festival jointly organised by the German, Joseph Beuys, and Lithuanian-born architect and designer, George Maciunas. It was Maciunas’ desire to show the work of a specific group of people, sharing the same thoughts on art at the time and it was he who coined the name Fluxus. The Fluxus performance festival held at the Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sseldorf Art Academy on 2-3 February 1962 was a significant historical marker in the early development of the Fluxus group. Numerous Fluxus and Fluxus-type festivals and activities continued to be presented in Europe throughout the 1960’s after which the focus shifted to New York. Fluxus has been described as â€Å"the most radical and experimental art movement of the sixties.† Fluxus differs from most art in being purely conceptual. Characterized by a strongly Dadaist attitude, Fluxus promoted artistic experimentation mixed with social and political activism, an often celebrated anarchistic change. Although Germany was its principal location, Fluxus was an international avant-garde movement, active in major Dutch, English, French, Swedish, and American cities. Its participants were a divergent group of individualists whose most common theme was their delight in spontaneity and humour. Fluxus members avoided any limiting art theories, and spurned pure aesthetic objectives, producing such mixed-media works as poems, mail art, silent orchestras, and collages of such readily available materials such as scavenged posters, newspapers, and other ephemera. Their activities resulted in many events or situations, often called ‘Actions’ or as known in the USA, ‘Happenings’, which were works challenging definitions of art as focused on objects. Street theatre was very popular as were other performances such as concerts of electronic music. An account given by the American Fluxartist Dick Higgins described the sort of happening you would expect at one of his Fluxconcerts. This particular description is from the concert at Dà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½sseldorf and it had become a kind of set piece for these festival performances. Higgins described his arrangement, Constellation No 4 as follows: â€Å"Each performer chooses a sound to be produced on any instrument available to him, including the voice. The sound is to have a clearly defined percussive attack and a delay which is no longer than a second. Words, crackling and rustling sounds, are excluded because they have multiple attacks and decays†¦Each performer produces his sound as efficiently as possible, almost simultaneously with the other performers sounds. As soon as the last decay has died away, the piece is over.† A person, who attends a Fluxconcert, after the first shock, typically gets caught up in the spirit of it and begins to enjoy it, without consciously knowing why. What the recipient sees is coloured by his or her perception of it and instinctively he or she is matching horizons, comparing expectations, participating in the process; the more actively he or she does so, the more likely they will be able to enjoy the experience. In 1981 Dick Higgins Wrote a list of nine criteria that he suggested central to Fluxus: 1. internationalism 2. experimentalism and iconoclasm 3. intermedia (a term employed by Dick Higgins to describe an art form appropriate to people who say there are no boundaries between art and life) 4. minimalism or concentration 5. an attempted resolution of the art/life dichotomy 6. implicativeness (an ideal Fluxus work that implies many more works) 7. play or gags 8. epehmerality 9. specificity (work to be specific, self-contained and to embody all its own parts) Clearly not every work is likely to reflect all nine of these characteristics or criteria, but the more of them a work reflects, the more typically and characteristically Fluxus it is. Similarly not every work by a Fluxartist is a Fluxwork; typically Fluxartists do other sorts of work as well. The group pioneered these ideas at a time when their thoughts and practices in the world around them were distinct from the art world and different from the world of other disciplines in which Fluxus, would come to play a role. Like Duchamp, many Fluxus pieces (most notably the performance ones), are often characterised by their taking of a very ordinary event from daily life, and their being framed as art by being presented on stage as a performance situation. A collection of Fluxus works will inevitably include some pieces which are untransformed from life. Their significance is their ability to transform viewers’ horizons. According to Joseph Beuys, Fluxus intended to â€Å"purge the world of bourgeois sickness . . . of dead art,† to â€Å"promote a revolutionary flood and tide in art, anti-art, promote non art reality . . .† and to â€Å"fuse the cadres of cultural, social, and political revolutionaries into a united front and action.† I was particularly interested in the work of Joseph Beuys on view at the Tate Modern. He was a shaman, showman, teacher and tireless debater. He used the detritus of daily life in his work; materials representing energy such as fat, felt, wax, honey, and copper, iron, bronze and batteries. His use of felt and fat in particular relates back to his near death experience in World War II when he used the two materials to keep him warm. *Show Pictures* Most of his pieces have changed through time, relying as they do on materials that decay, ferment, dry up, or change colour. â€Å"Since life is in a constant state of flux,† he reasoned, â€Å"art, in order to bring itself closer to life, must be similarly ephemeral.† It was thus, in change, that Beuys sought to bring about the ultimate unity between art and life. Many of the Fluxartists were poor and could not afford to work with fine and costly materials. The sense that if Fluxus were to incorporate some element of ongoing change – flux -that the individual works should change. Many objects therefore were made of ephemeral materials, so that as time went by the work would either disappear or would physically alter itself. A work such as this made a strong statement rather than a work that would last throughout the ages in some treasure vault. Many of the Fluxartists work, such as Robert Fillous’s works have disappeared into thin air. A good example of this is the work we looked at in the lecture last week entitled ‘The artists breath’ by Yves Klein. George Maciunas planned to create a Fluxus Board of Directors which he would head from the Headquarters in New York. Maciunas wrote a letter to Thomas Schmit, in the form of a Fluxus manifesto, as which it is often referred. He stated that: * Fluxus objectives are social and not aesthetic * The gradual elimination of fine arts (music, theatre, poetry, fiction, painting, sculpture, etc.) was motivated by the desire to stop the waste of material and human resources and divert it to socially constructive ends such as: Industrial design, journalism, architecture, engineering, graphic-typographic arts, printing etc. * The movement was against the art-object as non-functional commodity to be sold and to make a livelihood for an artist. * It could have the function of teaching people the needlessness of art. Therefore teaching that a work should not be permanent * Fluxus is therefore anti-professional * Against art as a medium or vehicle promoting artists ego. * Applied art should express the objective problem to be solved not by the artist’s personality or ego. * Fluxus art should tend towards the collective spirit, anonymity and anti-individualism * Fluxus concerts and publications are at best transitional and temporary until such time that artists find other employment. Maciunas states that it is of utmost importance that the artist finds a profession from which he can make a living. * He says that there is no such thing as a professional revolutionary. Revolution is for participation of all and that a revolutionary should not practice something he is trying to overthrow or even worse, making a living from it, and that the best revolutionaries practice what they preach. * Fluxartists should not make a living from their Fluxus activities but find a profession (like applied arts) by which he would do best Fluxus activity. * The best Fluxus composition is a most non-personal, ready-made one. * Fluxus way of life is 9am to 5pm working socially constructive and useful work – earning your own living, 5pm to 10pm spending time on propagandizing your way of life among other idle artists and collectors and fighting them, 12pm to 8am sleeping (8 hours is enough) * You cannot live off your family because then you are being just as parasitic as artists living off the society, without contributing anything constructive. Maciunas also calls the need for copyright arrangements. * Authorship of pieces would eventually be destroyed, making them totally anonymous – thus eliminating the artist’s ego. The author would be Fluxus. Maciunas says â€Å"We can’t depend on each artist to destroy his ego. The copyright arrangement will eventually force him to it if he is reluctant.† May I also add at this point, Robert. C .Morgan, art critic, writer, artist and poet says that ‘By creating the absence of authorship, Fluxus has revived itself as a significant tendency in recent art.’ However, no one really wanted to sign the manifesto set out by Maciunas. Dick Higgins says that ‘We did not want to confine tomorrow’s possibilities by what we today. That manifesto is Maciunas’ manifesto, not a manifesto of Fluxus.’ George Brecht notes that: â€Å"Fluxus encompasses opposites.† â€Å"Consider opposing it, supporting it, ignoring it, changing your mind.† Clearly, with Fluxus, normal theoretical positions do not apply. They are not intended to do the same things as say a Jackson Pollock painting. It does not mimic nature in any narrative way. It does not attempt to move the listener, viewer or reader emotionally or intellectually. The Fluxartist does not even begin to reveal him-or herself through the work. The reception of Fluxus, its popularity, influence and in general, its acceptance, varies considerably. A Fluxperformance or an exhibition of Fluxus works attended by a person uneducated about the Fluxus field is apt to having an interesting and pleasurable experience. For most avant-guard art, one needs to know quite a considerable amount of art history in order to get ones bearings enough to be able to fuse one’s bearings and horizons and experience pleasure. There is a progressive intellectualism of the audience, thus more ideas of what will, or should happen. The spectators of a Fluxwork have to learn that these ideas are not under attack and that they are simply irrelevant to the work at hand. There are two bodies of people whose hostility towards Fluxus is profound. These are: 1. Groups of art professionals who work in art institutions and galleries. Fluxworks do not lend themselves easily to becoming precious objects which are sold or beautiful fetishes to immortalize the donor. It has more the quality of a souvenir or a sacred relic than or an exquisitely wrought product of fine craftsmanship. 2. Secondly, it is the artists who are ‘good’ in whatever it is that they do, but who are not good enough to be really secure in it.Such artists feel threatened by Fluxus. Victor Cousin’s phrase of 1816 says of art: ‘It is done for the love of it -‘for its own sake’. The Fluxus Collective believed that if value came to be attached to the work then great! But the work must be un-commercial in its very nature. -Conclusion- Fluxus is more important as an idea and a potential for social change than as a specific group of people or collection of objects, action and life activity. Fluxus tried to eclectically organise itself around the advantages of existing strategies at the same time that it attempted to avoid their abuses. Fluxus was committed to social purpose but opposed the authoritarian means by which it was historically achieved. Today, it is clear that the radical contribution Fluxus made to art was to suggest that there is no boundary to be erased between art and life. The Fluxus movement does not present correct political or social views – all the elements behave democratically. Not one piece dominates another. The movement sees a world inhabited by individuals of equal worth and value. By chance, this movement entered the scene, and changed the worldwide view previously held. For a group of artists who sought the reunification of art & life, the current institutionalization of Fluxus is paradoxical, yet the subversive nature of their project; the challenge to hierarchy and authoritarianism, still persists today

Marketing Logistics Services

Human beings act artificially when they are targeted for marketing research. This could affect the accuracy of the project. 5. To obtain information about the role-played by various media in spreading awareness about the service. Research methodology Research methodology is the way to solve the research problems systematically. It explains the various steps generally adopted by a researcher in studying research problems along with the logic behind them. Research Approach Researcher has followed survey method as the research approach in this study. Survey research is the best suited method for descriptive information.Research Design Type of research: Descriptive Research Data sources: Primary The primary data has been collected through interviewer schedules. Secondary data has been collected with respect to information regarding the company profile, industry profile and other related documents. Sampling technique : simple random sampling Sample size of respondents : 180 The population of sample is unknown because we can’t calculate the how many customer using the professional couriers per day and the area of study is Visakhapatnam. Research instrumentA structured non-disguised interviewer schedule was developed as a research instrument. Open ended, closed ended, dichotomous, ranking and rating scales were used in the questionnaire. Pilot Study: Before the interviewer schedule is administered in to the field, it needs to be pre-tested. The sample that the interviewer schedule is administered in the pre-test should be roughly ssimilar to those who will be covered in the study. A pre-test was done to collect among 8 customers and necessary adjustments were made depending upon the effectiveness of the response.Then the final questionnaire was drafted based on the feedback. Then this revised from of the questionnaire was used in the survey of the proposed sample population. Data collection: The method of data collection was through Customers: The required data was collected through personal interview and the Researcher designed a simple questionnaire for this purpose and administered in person to the samples. Data is the foundation of the all researches and they are the raw materials with which a researcher functions. Depending on the source, data can be classified as primary data and secondary data.Primary Data: Data gathered for the first time by researcher is known as primary data. This data was collected through consumer survey. This data was collected by a person through survey techniques. Survey research is the systematic gathering of data from the respondents through questionnaires. Some of the data was also collected by mearns of personal interview. The type of questions asked was: * Open-ended questions: these questions call for a response of more than a few words. In open-ended questions, the respondents are free to express their views in their own words. Multiple-choice questions: The questions for which we have a number of ch oices as aanswers are termed as multiple-choice questions. * Dichotomous questions: this is an extreme form of multiple-choice questions, which allows only two responses such a yes-no, agree-disagree, male-female etc. Tools used for data analysis * Ppercentage Analysis

“Hunger Games” Movie vs Book

The Hunger Games The Hunger Games is the first novel of The Hunger Games series written by Suzanne Collins in 2008. This novel is written in the first person point of view of the main character, Katniss Everdeen. Throughout the story, Katniss’s opinions are made clear to the audience. This intriguing novel shares Katniss’s struggles and overall victory of the 74th Annual Hunger Games. The Hunger Games story takes place in a post-apocalyptic society. The Capitol is a highly advance city that holds reign over the 12 districts.The Hunger Games is an annual contest hosted by the Capitol in which each district offers one boy and girl chosen by lottery or by choice, if willing. These tributes fight to the death in an arena where they have to fight for weapons and necessities for survival. Prim Everdeen, Katniss’s sister, is chosen by lottery to be tribute for District 12. Without hesitation, Katniss volunteers to be the tribute for District 12. Katniss and Peeta, the b oy tribute from her district, are transported to the Capitol. This is where the audience gets to see the difference between the 12 districts.Katniss’s district, District 12, is the poorest, where many people starve to death; however, District 1 is the wealthiest and don’t face the same challenges as Katniss. The tributes from District 1 and 2 are trained from birth to be tributes in the Hunger Games. These â€Å"Career† tributes volunteer themselves to participate in the Hunger Games and believe it is an honor to serve their district. This story leads the audience in further when Peeta confesses his love for Katniss during the interviews held prior to the Games.When the Games begin, Katniss shows her true ability to survive in the wilderness. She uses her knowledge from surviving in District 12 to help her eat and sleep high in the trees. In the beginning of the Hunger Games, Peeta forms an alliance with the Career tributes, while Katniss forms an alliance and f riendship with Rue, the tribute from District 11. After Rue is killed, Katniss is back to surviving the games on her own until the announcer informs the tributes that two contestants can win if they are from the same district. Katniss finds Peeta and nurses him back to health.Finally, the only tributes that are left are Katniss, Peeta, and the Career Tribute from District 1. The tribute is eaten by â€Å"mutations†, which nearly killed Katniss and Peeta. However, the tributes from District 12 are not out of the Games, because the announcer tells them that the rules have changed once again and now only one may be victor. When neither Katniss nor Peeta can kill each other, they decide to eat the night lock berries which would kill them immediately. Quickly, the announcer declares that Katniss and Peeta are both the victors of the 74th Annual Hunger Games.The Hunger Games was later turned into a movie in 2012. The book and the movie have several similarities. In both the movie a nd the novel, Katniss volunteers for the Games, saving her sister Prim. Another comparison is the Capitol’s power amongst the 12 districts. The most important similarity is that in both the novel and the movie, Peeta states that he does not want the Games to change him, for he wants to stay true to himself. Katniss does not know how that is possible, until she participates in the Hunger Games.In both the movie and the novel, Peeta does not murder any other tributes during the Games. The novel has some major differences as well. The mockingjay pin that Katniss wears for good luck represents District 12. In the book she receives this gift from the mayor’s daughter, Madge; however, in the movie, Katniss receives this pin from her younger sister, Prim. Another difference is Katniss’s relationship with her ally Rue. In the book, the author emphasizes their relationship and how they work together as a team during the Hunger Games.However, in the movie they keep their relationship short. The last difference occurs at the end of the novel. In the novel the beasts that kill the last tribute are called â€Å"muttations. † There are 9 of these beasts which resemble the fallen tributes. In the movie they are just beastly looking mutated dogs. The Hunger Games is a great book. It shows the differences in social class and has many underlying meanings. The movie was just as good and follows the plot very well. It was a little more futuristic looking than I had imagined from the novel, but still captured the overall theme well.

Thoughts of College Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Thoughts of College - Essay Example This has enabled me to go attend lectures, pay attention in class, and get interested in classwork, as well as other school activities. In addition, personal motivation has enabled me to spend most of my time in the library doing research and extra reading instead of going out and having fun all the time in my free time as most students do. Finally, personal motivation has enable me to do my assignments on time and well, which contributed greatly to my good grades. However, I feel that I may encounter several challenges to personal motivation especially in my educational path. One such obstacle is procrastination, which is a state of postponing activities or tasks until last minute. This may be an obstacle because it will hinder me from finishing my assignments on time, as well as studying for exams early enough to have ample time for preparation. These are some of the obstacles that make students perform poorly in their studies. Another obstacle maybe influence from friends or peers. There are several students who do not take their studies seriously, and during their free time all they do are class unrelated activities without minding classwork. Moreover, some students do not even attend lectures increasing their chances of failing exams. There is a strong influence from friends and peers to engage in such behaviors and forget about classwork, and this may be an obstacle to my educational achievements. My plan for addressing the obstacles is setting clear educational goals on what I want to achieve. Then, I set a timetable or framework of how I want to achieve it. This strategy will help me avoid procrastination since it eliminates possibilities of laziness. In addition, it clearly outlines activities to be done with a strict schedule that leaves no room for procrastination. Another plan of addressing obstacles to achieving my educational goals is exercising self-control to avoid influence from peers and

E commerce project-INTROMAMA Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 5000 words

E commerce project-INTROMAMA - Essay Example Joury Al-Wazzan is a mother-to-be who has an experience running a small business. Suad Al-Ghanim is a business woman who works in the real estate sector. Therefore, the owners of IntroMama represent qualified experience personnel who also represent the targeted segments and know exactly what these targets want. IntroMama is a website dedicated for newly mothers. It is an introduction to their new lifestyle as a pregnant woman and challenges as new mothers. It nurtures them through its service-based system that offers all of that for the main stages during pregnancy and onwards, especially after the childbirth. It is an educational service model, special event planning website and also a product selling model so its considered a hybrid model. Our mission is to provide a user-friendly platform that will be the premier destination online for mothers and mothers to-be offering products and services to guide them through a successful motherhood. Providing information as a service, through designed software to inform the mother of new updates in every stage. (Pop-ups, messages through your facebook account, i-phone apps etc.) And have those messages and emails through periodical timings: weekly, daily, and monthly. Using the website also to offer products (not only services), where she could shop online for her and her baby (clothing, baby care products, toys, educational books, maternity clothing). Delivered to her doorstep. In Kuwait which is our local market, mothers/mothers to be/ladies, are currently obsessed with all issues connected to maternity which is the baby’s health, the perfect diet, nutritional updates, fitness activity of that phase, baby receptions and baby showers, birthdays are all considered a booming market. For us those are our targeted segment, where we will discuss them in details later on in this paper. On-line shopping users are significantly increasing; customers all over the world are shifting to on-line

General Electric fianancial accounting analysis Research Paper

General Electric fianancial accounting analysis - Research Paper Example Section II: Financial Statements and Financial Ratios As a decision maker, we need to know about the company's financial strength when we have to make any investment in the company, or we have to know how the company is faring in terms of liquidity or how the company can reward to its shareholders or for that matter how the company is currently performing compared to the previous years. One can make a good estimate for any firm by studying their financial statements, financial ratios and when they are compared with industry averages, it can give a good understanding where the company stands in the marketplace. For any company we can study following financial statements which can give us most of the information necessary to make our decisions whether that pertains to investment, employment or as a supplier to safeguard our receivables etc. 1. Profit and Loss or Income Statement 2. Cash Flow Statement 3. Balance Sheet Profit and Loss Statement gives us the information how the company f ared during the given financial year. When compared with previous years’ profit and loss figure, we can quickly find whether the company has made any progress or not. If the company is going downside then that also can be found from the income statement. When these figures are compared with the industry average, it can be found how the company is doing against its competitors. Cash Flow Statement is a measure of company’s liquidity strength. It may be that the company is showing profit in their income statement but still its cash flow may be not healthy or even sometimes negative. Obviously, such companies will have difficulty in paying back its debt when due. Cash flow rich companies reward its shareholders liberally and increasing dividend declared is a sign of the good cash flow generated by the company. Balance Sheet is an indication of the company’s status at given point. Usually, it shows its financial status at the end of the financial year. This financia l statement displays a cumulative strength of the company year after year. All the accumulated reserve from so many years of operation can be seen through this statement. We can come to the conclusion quickly by finding or knowing the financial ratios depending upon what kind of the decisions we want to take regarding the company. It would be worthwhile to look into some of the financial data and the ratios of the General Electric Co. Important Financial Ratios (Based on latest balance sheet for the year ended 12/31/2010) Asset Turnover is a good measure of the utilization of company’s assets in making the sales in a competitive market. It is an indication of how efficiently resources are made use of. Asset Turnover = Sales/Average Total Assets (Drake, Pamela) = 150,211/751,216 =0.20% This does not augur well with GE, when compared with the industry average as it comes to first 20th percentile. (GE, Financials) Similarly, when GE's profitability ratios are calculated, they ar e found to be as follows. Return on Assets= 1.28% On comparing with industry average,

Comedy Of Errors Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Comedy Of Errors - Essay Example The actions were perfectly organized by the set designer Nina Ball. From the first moment of the play, the audience was hypnotized with the songs and cues, approximating the action to the present days. The touching scene was a shipwreck, which separated the family and created the intrigue over the plot. The role of Dromeo twins was perfectly played by Danny Scheie. The main female characters – Adriana (Nemuna Ceesay) and Luciana (Tristan Cunningham) represented the brilliant scene getting the best lines and the total affection of the audience. Costumes designer Beaver Bauer surprised the audience with the simplicity of dresses suitable for the comical style of the play. The main theme of the play is the loss of individuality represented by the characters of twins. The production concept helps to understand the themes and values of the play. Shakespeares works in the forms of drama, comedy or tragedy are unique because they cover the psychological aspect of the personality. All the production elements came together perfectly to form one whole artistic piece. The play contains a deep interest in the person’s nature, his feelings, inspirations and passions, sorrows and numerable mistakes. Shakespeare’s plays are often really metaphorical and his verves might be difficult to understand. The comedy has some contextual meaning devoted to love, though he term â€Å"love† is not really used in the play. All of us realize what love is and have experienced it at least once in a lifetime, but it is often difficult to define the meaning of love and put the perception of this phenomenon into words. It is even understood differently by people. Rationalists and the adherents of science claim it to be just a chemical reaction in the human brain; cynics insist that this feeling is a disease, but the comedy manages to show it as an art, whereas the author

Coporate Strategy about global steel manufacture industry Essay

Coporate Strategy about global steel manufacture industry - Essay Example (Wikipedia, Steel) These are major components in buildings, tools, automobiles and appliances. The life of steel does not stop. If steels become old and torn out, it can be melted again to produce new steel. The US market experienced a decline in production from 110M tonnes in 2004 to 104.6M tonnes in 2005. The decline was a combination of overcapacity and production declines in 2005 of two (2) automobile manufacturers namely General Motors and Ford. These two (2) companies are the leading consumer of steel. (Steel Price and Policy Issues). The same scenario in China, an emerging market, is facing challenges in terms of overcapacity that lead to price erosions. (Rocsearch.com, Executive Summary, Chinese Steel Industry Analysis) Asia will be the leading steel market by 2014. Growth of Japan, China and rest of Asia are determinants of steel demand in the future. (Euro Strategy Consultants, Global Steel Industry Outlook to 2014, p.7, February 2005) The industry experienced sluggish growth rate in mid-1970s until the turn of the century. There were overcapacity and high exit barriers generated high cyclicality and decades of declining prices. In 2001, the industry climate changed. The demand surged brought about by the boom of China's economy. In 2001-mid 2006, the demand for steel in China increased to the tune of 25%. In about four (4) years from 2001-2005 prices of steel products increased. Prices of raw materials such as iron ore, coke, scarp alloy materials contributed to the high level cost of steel. The growth of global steel market transformed the business activities and outlook of steel companies. There have been restructuring across regions, privatization, re-orientation of companies' focus on high profit margin and modernization of steel-making facilities particularly in China, India and Commonwealth Independent States (CIS). (Boston Consulting Group, Beyod Boom, F. Deforche, J.Hemerling, D.Kim, W.Piacsek, M. Shanaha n, M. Wolfgang and M. Wortler, February 2007) . There have been various technological innovations for steel companies to remain competitive in the market. China is facing the challenge of upgrading to high quality steel products to counter the increasing costs of iron ore prices and price erosions due to overcapacity. (Rocsearch.com, Executive Summary, Chinese Steel Industry Analysis). The development of steels in the market also corresponds to the improvement of buildings and other industrial constructions. The industrial buyers of steels are confirming to the new trends that suits the lifestyles of the people in any parts of the world and the creation of new buildings for commercial or any type of industrial construction. There have been some improvements and upgrades of steels. The rods or bars in the past have been improved to ribbed bars, followed by the cold twisted deformed bars and the current thermo mechanically treated bars. (Wikipedia, Steel). Another development in steel industry is the growth of minimills. In the US, large manufacturers concentrate in the market across other regions. The huge volume in manufacturing led to the creation of minimills. Minimills produced small volume of steel products mostly for the local markets. They convert local scrap metal

Challening Role of Nurses Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2750 words

Challening Role of Nurses - Essay Example There are three different models of assessment in vogue of which Roper et al's model is adopted in the study. By also having a review of few published case studies, it is has been demonstrated that nurses are indispensable and they should conduct themselves in a responsible manner failing which the whole health care delivery system would collapse. one of the essential skills required of nurse clinicians is that of health assessment, including physical assessment. The nurses' role care of care starts from putting the patients and family members at ease on arrival and immediately beginning her health and physical assessment of the patient along with information provided by family members and past records of medical history. The Nurses should adopt a holistic approach as if they are one of the members of the community in delivering health care Nurses have a challenging role in the delivery of health care and are required to be skilled and knowledgeable clinicians; one of the essential skills required of nurse clinicians is that of health a... They undergo minimum three years of graduation like any other profession requires before they can practice as an indispensable link between doctors and patients. They are the first point of care in the absence of doctors and even in their presence. In fact nurse is a mini-doctor. Doctors look up on nurses as valuable source of information about the patients and expect them to fill the vacuum between the doctors and patients in their health care delivery to patients as the doctors can not be always be at the latter's bedside. Besides, Nursing and Midwifery Council (NMC), U.K. established in April 2002 has stipulated standards of proficiency for nurses which have come into force from 1 August 2004. Some of important standards of proficiency for nursing students prescribed by the NMC are that they should practice within legal and ethical limits keeping in view the patient's welfare, that they should not practice in a discriminatory manner between individuals and interest groups, that they should establish therapeutic relationships and withdraw from them appropriately, and that they should document the assessment of the patients systematically and accurately. (NMC) Health Assessment Basically an assessment of health involves collection of data and arriving at a judgement of status of a person's health, requirements, desires to serve as guide for future course of treatment.(Heath 2000) Nursing process starts with the said assessment. When the nurse meets the patient on being admitted to a hospital, visiting a clinic or at the patient's residence, she gathers information of the patient to decide on a care delivery. The assessment may be even conducted on day to day basis to monitor improvement

Flannery O'Connor's Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Flannery O'Connor's - Essay Example The Hopewell farm is in a somewhat rural area. This is known because of the fact that Joy-Hulga lost her leg in a hunting accident when she was 10, something girls arent normally a part of unless they live in the country, and that Manley Pointer was able to leave her, abandoned and legless, in an old barn where no one would be likely to hear her cries for help. This is important to OConnors stories because of the tradition she pulls from: ""The Southern writer is forced from all sides to make his gaze extend beyond the surface, beyond mere problems, until it touches that realm which is the concern of prophets and poets." Simply placing her stories in the South immediately associates her work with the strong tradition coming out of the South at that time and programs her readers to look for the deeper meanings. Other than her love of the South, one can also see OConnors preoccupation with the grotesque in this story. Joy has changed her name to Hulga in a deliberate attempt to make her name match her ugly self-image. This is, to some degree, a reflection of OConnors struggle with lupus, an illness that wasnt well understood at that time but that can cause ugly red splotches on the face and elsewhere and that causes unexplained pain at random. She usually explained this interest in another way though: "Whenever I’m asked why Southern writers particularly have a penchant for writing about freaks, I say it is because we are still able to recognize one." Although she watched her father die of the disease at a young age and struggled with it herself for 14 years, OConnor always tried to keep it in perspective. Part of the reason she was able to keep it in perspective so well was because of the deep nature of her Catholic faith, elements of which also play a big role in this story. The surface action of the story is that of a young Bible salesman coming to the Hopewell farm, charming

Orem's theory of self-care in the maternity department Essay

Orem's theory of self-care in the maternity department - Essay Example As the essay declares the subject of short study here is, ‘The concept of Self-Care’ in nursing practice as envisaged in the maternity department of a hospital. It will be argued that the Praxis of Self-Care could greatly improve the rehabilitative role of nurses by positively influencing an individual’s self-care agency; which is the power component of self - care behavior, as according to Dorothea Orem’s Theory. This paper discusses that the term ‘Self-Care’, is familiar through Orem’s Self-Care Deficit Theory of nursing. Orem’s theory is composed of three related theories: the theory of Self-Care, the theory of Self-Care Deficit and, the theory of Nursing Systems. Orem’s theory views the individual as a self – care agent with especial needs. When ‘self-care’ is practiced it enhances health and well-being being. There is a visible link between responsibility and self-care; Self-care can be stated as a self-initiated, deliberate and purposeful activity linked to health and well-being. Pertinent action is performed to meet the therapeutic self-care demand arising out of known needs for care. This varies from time to time, as required by the various stages of life-cycle, of the individual person. The non-fulfillment of this demand, gives rise to a self-care deficit, which denotes the need for nursing. The decision to provide self-care is tak en jointly by the patient and the nurse. Herein the nurse plays a pivotal part in the influence of the patient.

Science and Technology Essay Example for Free

Science and Technology Essay Essay: These days, science and technology is essential to live and it is something without which we can’t imagine to have a comfortable life. The workplace is full of machines based on science and technology. While working, people use machine almost for each tasks. Opinions as to whether this is a fine trend to have more machines is good or bad are mixed. Both the viewpoints would be analyzed before making any opinion. The people at workplace are surrounded by machines. For every single task, a machine is available. For example, calculator is used to do calculations, computer is required to do many activities like documentation, recording, editing, internet surfing, emailing. Printer is used to take print outs. Scanner is used to scan the documents and get soft copy from the available hard copy. Photocopier is used to make a photocopy. Fax machine is used to send any document copy to a recipient who is far away. All these machines are accurate, efficient, and fast and above all these machines do never get tired. So, these machines are making our lives easy and comfortable. On the other hand, many people argue that these machines are responsible to make people lazy and dependent. In olden days, people were not dependent on the machines and they were healthier than the present generation. Now, people are not close to nature. They are in their own sophisticated zone. And also, they are not ready with an alternative if these machines stop working. It is often said that people are not working towards improving logical ability due to these machine. In conclusion, I believe that machines are essential element of our lives and their positives outweigh their negatives. At the same time we should not be lazy and we should always try to improve our logical abilities.

The various leadership styles and theories

The various leadership styles and theories The various leadership styles and theories 1. Introduction: This study focuses on the various leadership styles and theories developed over the years. In this report, an attempt has been made to study the leadership style of Willie Walsh, CEO of British Airways. The analysis highlights a number of limitations in his leadership and hence there is scope for improvement. Companys success is purely based on the type of leadership it acquires. A good leader leads its organization towards it mission with this leadership skills and thinking power. According to Kouzes and Posner (2003), leadership is a reciprocal process between those who aspire to lead and those who choose to follow. They talk about the leader possessing the following ten commitments. (Kouzes and posner, 2003, p no.22) 1. Find your voice by clarifying your personal values. 2. Set the example by aligning actions with shared values 3. Envision the future by imagining exciting and ennobling possibilities 4. Enlist others in a common vision by appealing to shared aspirations 5. Search for opportunities by seeking innovative ways to change, grow and improve 6. Experiment and take risks by constantly generating small wins and learning from mistakes 7. Foster collaboration by promoting cooperative goals and building trust 8. Strengthen others by sharing power and discretion 9. Recognize contribution by showing appreciation for individual excellence 10. Celebrate the values and victories by creating a spirit of community. (Kouzes and posner, 2003, p no.22) British Airways: British Airways is the flag raising carrier airline of the United Kingdom. Its headquarters are located in Waterside near London Heathrow Airport and London Gatwick airport. BA is the largest airline in the UK based on the number of international flights, international destinations covered and the fleet size. BA celebrated its 90th anniversary on 25 August 2009 (1, www.britishairways.com, 2nd Dec 2009). Currently, the company is facing the toughest time in the history. BA is currently facing severe financial crises since inception and putting its best effort to overcome from this situation. Willie Walsh: Willie Walsh is currently the CEO of British Airways. He succeeded Rod Eddington in May 2005 as Chief Executive Designated. He also holds a number of positions on Honorary Board Member of Flight Safety International, President of the Heathrow Branch of the Royal Aeronautical Society, an honorary Member of The Aviation Club and a Member of the Chartered Institute of Logistics and Transport (UK). (2, www.bashares.com, 2nd Dec 2009) Willie Walsh started as a pilot trainee at the age of 17 with Aer Lingus in 1979. He earned his degree from Dublins Trinity College in Business Administration. He was promoted from the position of cadet to captain, and eventually turned himself to don a business suit by turning around the airlines troubled Spanish charter operation, Futura. He was elected as Aer Lingus chief operating officer in 2000 and then became CEO the year after (4, www.businessweek.com, 2nd Dec 2009). When Aer Lingus was making huge losses in 2000, Willie Walsh returned as the CEO of the company. He took a number of decisions which not only brought company back to profit but also establish as a leading airline company standing with rivals such as Raynair and Easyjet. But soon after his departure, the company again went down. 2. Business Context: British airways was started on 25th August 1919 with the forerunner company named Aircraft Transport and Travel Limited (ATT), and launched a worlds first daily international scheduled air service between London and Paris. British Airways went through a long time of reformation and finally a group was formed in 1974 named as British Airways (4, www.britishairways.com, 05 Dec 2009). Willie Walsh joined BA in Oct 2005 and company made good profits under him. However, BA was reported as having lost most luggages as compared to the other European airlines in the same year. In 2007, BA was involved in the fuel surcharge price fixing and BA was fined  £270 million for the same. As a result, BAs image took a beating but in spite of this, BA saw profit of  £875 million and achieved the long held goal of a 10% operating margin in 2008. He was offered a bonus for the same which he publically rejected. In the current financial year, BA has reported loss of  £358 millions. The graph shows the performance of BAs under Willie Walsh leadership (British Airways Annual reports, 2004-2009). Currently BA is facing toughest time in the aviation history and being the CEO of the company, Willie is expected to lead the company out of this current situation as he had successfully done at Aer Lingus. 3. Literature Review: Due to high rivalry in business, it is necessary for the companies to have effective leaders which can lead the organization successfully. There are various leadership theories which are developed over the years by different researchers. These theories are Contingency theory, Great Man theory, Trait theory and Michigan theory, Transformational and Transactional Theory. An attempt has been made to explain these theories. Contingency Theory: This theory states that there is no best and ideal way to lead the organization since one best leading style is some time not effective in other situation. This theory is similar as the situational theory. Leadership effectiveness is dependent on the leaders diagnosis and understanding of situational factors, followed by the adoption of the appropriate style to deal with each circumstance. (Ogbonna and Lloyd, 2000, p.767). Only difference is that view of contingency theory is much broader however, situational theory focus more on the behaviour that leader should adopt. The leaders ability to lead does depend upon various situational factors and leader should adapt to the situation according to the organizational environment. Trait Theory: This theory states that some people are born with traits and have certain innate qualities which differentiate them from other non-leaders. This theory is identified by Stogdill in 1974 and he identified traits and skills as to critical leaders. According to (Stogdill, 1974), these qualities are perfectly suited for leadership. Following are the traits and skills identified by Stogdill. Adaptable to situations Alert to social environment Ambitious and achievement-orientated Assertive Cooperative Decisive Dependable Dominant (desire to influence others) Energetic (high activity level) Persistent Self-confident Tolerant of stress Willing to assume responsibility Clever (intelligent) Conceptually skilled Creative Diplomatic and tactful Fluent in speaking Knowledgeable about group task Organised (administrative ability) Persuasive Socially skilled source: Stogdill (1974) McCall and Lombardo (1983) have researched on both success and failure and have found following four primary traits for success or derail of leaders: Emotional stability and composure: Calm, confident and predictable, particularly when under stress McCall and Lombardo (1983) Admitting error: Owning up to mistakes, rather than putting energy into covering up McCall and Lombardo (1983). Good interpersonal skills: Able to communicate and persuade others without resort to negative or coercive tactics McCall and Lombardo (1983). Intellectual breadth: Able to understand a wide range of areas, rather than having a narrow (and narrow-minded) area of expertise McCall and Lombardo (1983). Great man Theory: Great man theory describes that the leaders are not made, they are born. It states that the leader will arise when there is need of them. The examples of the same are people like Jesus, Moses, Mohammed and the Buddha who had ability and charisma to motivate the people. They are adopted by the people without any interruption. These types of leaders are already having the power of being motivational and they know how to lead people. Michigan Theory: According to Michigan studies conducted in 1950 in Michigan University, Leaders could be divided in to three types: (1) Task oriented behaviour (2) Relationship Oriented Behaviour and (3) Participative Behaviour. Task oriented behaviour- In this category; leaders concentrated more on arranging, dividing the work among their subordinates rather than making relations with them. They concentrated on the activities like planning, arranging resource and planning the tasks for their subordinates. Relationship oriented behaviour- The leaders who fall into this category not only concentrated on the task to done but also on making relationship with their subordinates. They took interest in solving the personal matters and helped them to set goal for their career of their subordinates. Participative leadership- The Participative leaders included their peers into their decisions like team members. These leaders are observed as good leaders and found facilitative rather than directive in solving problems. These kinds of leaders are more effective for teams instead of individuals. Transformational and Transactional Leadership: Transactional leaders are known to be as instrumental and regularly focus on exchange relationship with their peers (Bass and Avolio, 1993). Burns (1978) was the first who bring transformational and transactional theories in focus. This style of leadership is adopted by the leaders who want to see people working with full enthusiasm. The leaders who fall in this category motivate the employees and subordinates. These leaders are enthusiastic, energetic and they have a passion for their profession. They care about the people working under them and want them to succeed. However, according to Yukl (1999), Organizational processes get insufficient attention in most theories of transformational leadership. Transformational leaders seek to transform themselves and motivate the colleagues and work towards the changing the organizational culture in line with their vision (Bass, 1985). Whereas, Transactional leaders are argued to be visionary and enthusiastic, with an inherent ability to motivate subordinates (Bycio et al., 1995; Howell and Avolio, 1993) under this style of leadership, people are motivated by rewards and punishments depending on their performance. Transactional leader simply wants the people to take full responsibility of their work. If we compared transactional style to transformational style then it can be said that transformational style is selling style but transactional is the telling. 4. Critical Analysis Willie Walsh has taken some decisions which lead the company to growth. He leads BA with his own decisions and he tries to turn the company on his own way. For example, he took decision to open T5 but this lead to complete havoc on the first day. His decisions made lead organization to pay for it. According to the contingency theory, a good Leader should adopt the situation and according to transformational theory, an ideal leader should accept the participation of the subordinates. Since Willie Walsh takes his decision alone, he falls into the category of transactional leader and according to our group study and analysis about Willie Walsh, he as adopted all characteristics of transactional style of leadership. He expects more from his subordinates and tries to take the decision on his own and he dont involve his sub ordinate into his decisions in odd situations. He makes them work with rewards and punishments. Despite of that, It doesnt mean that Willie Walsh is a bad leader or is a type of leader that a organization should not have. According to the trait theory, Willie Walsh has some traits and skills which a leader should have. E.g. he is always alert about social environment, he is ambitious and achievement oriented, he is assertive, decisive, dominant, energetic, self-confident and tolerant of stress. With this, he has got the some skills which a leader should have. E.g. he is clever, intelligent, creative, diplomatic fluent in speaking, socially skilled. This make is as an exception of the leaders. As per our observation, Willie Walsh is leading the organization with his transactional style. It has been observed that the transactional leadership doesnt work for long time. It is true that Willie Walsh made Aer Lingus from loss making air lines to as most profitable air lines in only one year with his style and own made decisions but if we see the annual data of the Aer Lingus then it clearly shows that Aer Lingus didnt make that profit in continues years. By cutting the cost, job cuts, selling company core assets and making the air line a low cost air line would be the best way to make it profit at that moment but it didnt last for long time. Below is given a chart for data for Aer Lingus as evidence (Aer Lingus Annual reports, 2000-2006). Figure 2: Performance graph of Aer Lingus from 2004 to 2009 (data taken from Aer Lingus Annual reports, 2000-2006) It is clear that Aer Lingus made profit in 2002 and 2003 but after that it made very low profit in 2004. 5. Conclusion: To conclude the whole discussion, I would like to say that Willie Walshs working style is mixture of various leadership styles and there is not such way to explain this type of style. Sometime his decisions take the company on the top but sometimes company has to pay for that. He has the ability to take British Airways to overcome the loss it is currently making. Currently his style of leadership is autocratic who does not involve others into his decision and he believe on himself. Willie Walsh currently has an autocratic image in public and known to be as Darth Vader. He needs to change his leadership style and way of working. We see a good and charismatic leader in him but he needs to improve himself so his sub ordinate can support him in order to make the British Airways success. He needs to bring all other employees into the consideration so that decisions can be made by involvement of all the employees. He took some decision to make the company profit by selling old assets and making Aer Lingus a low cost flight, but it has been observed that that success was for a short span of time. After some time Aer Lingus went into the loss. His decision not always make profit for the organization, sometime company has to pay for his transactional decision. We see sometime leader who takes the harsh decisions can be the good leader but those are successful in some particular cases only. Willie Walsh also falls into this category since he had made Aer Lingus a profitable organization in the past. But this style is not relevant for all kind of situations. He has to adopt the style of situational leader or transformational leader in order to tackle the current situation in British Airways. He needs to change himself according to the required situation. Currently British Airways needs a leader or a leadership style that can bring whole company together and take to the peak of success. In my point of view, an ideal leader is the one who know how to make all of his subordinate work together and how to make the company making success. According to me, Willie Walsh needs to change himself to understand the emotions of his peers so that a good and brave decision can be implemented to make the British Airways success. 6. Reflections: If I Compare Willie Walsh with my previous manager then there is very much difference in the working style of leadership which both acquire. My previous managers style of leadership is a mixture of transformational and situational leadership. He changes himself according to the situation then makes wise decisions to make the team success. Willie Walsh does not involve his sub ordinates into his decisions, whereas, my previous leader used to involve his entire sub ordinates into his decision through team meetings. There was a very transparent working hierarchy in the team and organization I worked for. His way of treating the team members amazing and he used to communicate with them in a regular interval of time. He is a situational leader since he proved this by taking some decision according to the situation to make success and those decisions were proved to be the best decision sometimes. He always involved his colleagues by meeting with them and arrange meeting for project discussion. My previous company has many centers in India and sometime employees have to work from different locations. In that case also he used to arrange the meeting over voip calls so that we can bring our views in his notice. My previous manager has some qualities of charismatic leaders and he always comes in to public to confess his mistake. He was a strong and brave manager like Willie Walsh and he took his decisions without any fear like Willie Walsh but leadership style of both very different. In this study I understand how leadership styles changes leader to leader and organization to organization. I understand that the leader will play a very important role in making a organization success and if leader is ready to change then it is possible to take a company from feet to the peak of success. 7. Bibliography: Bass, B.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1993) Transformational Leadership and Organizational Culture, Public Administration Quarterly, 17 (1) pp. 112-17 Bass, B.M. (1985) Leadership and Performance Beyond Expectation. New York: The Free Press. Bycio, P., Hackett, R.D. and Allen, J.S. (1995) Further Assessments of Basss (1985) Conceptualization of Transactional and Transformational Leadership, Journal of Applied Psychology, 80 (4) pp. 468-78 Howell, J.M. and Avolio, B.J. (1993) Transformational Leadership, Transactional Leadership, Locus of Control and Support for Innovation: Key Predictors of Consolidated-Business-Unit Performance, Journal of Applied Psychology, 78 pp. 891-902 Huczynsky A. A. and Buchanan D. A. (2007) Organizational Behaviour. 6th edn. Essex: Prentice Hall. Kouzes, J. and posner, B. (2003) leadership challenge. San Francisco: Jossey-bass, pp. 22 McCall, M.W. Jr. and Lombardo, M.M. (1983) Off the track: Why and how successful executives get derailed. Greensboro: Centre for Creative Leadership. Ogbonna, E. and Lloyd, C. H. (2000) Leadership style, organizational culture and performance: empirical evidence from UK companies, Int. J. of Human Resource Management, 11 (4) Stogdill, R.M. (1974) Handbook of leadership: A survey of the literature. New York: Free Press. Yukl, G., (1999) An evaluation of conceptual weaknesses in transformational and charismatic leadership theories, The Leadership Quarterly, 10 (2) pp. 285-305 Annual reports of British Airways (2004-2009) Annual reports of Aer Lingus (2000-2006) Web references: 1. British Airways (2009) History and heritage: celebrating 90 years with pride. Available at: http://www.britishairways.com/travel/history-and-heritage/public/en_gb [Accessed on 2nd Dec 2009]. 2. British Airways (2009) Biography: Willie Walsh chief executive. Available at: http://www.bashares.com/phoenix.zhtml?c=69499p=irol-govBioID=135180 [Accessed on 2nd Dec 2009]. 3. British Airways (2009) History and Heritage: Explore our past. Available at: http://www.britishairways.com/travel/explore-our-past/public/en_gb [Accessed on 05 dec 2009]. 4. Business Week (2005) Willie Walsh: Chief Executive, British Airways, Britain. Available at: http://www.businessweek.com/magazine/content/05_22/b3935411.htm [Accessed on 2nd Dec 2009].

Change management report on Vodafone plc

Change management report on Vodafone plc Vodafone is highly growing mobile company in the world since 1985. It is worlds leading telecommunication company. Today it has more than 359 million customers around the world. Their network provides facilities to share images and videos, to share feeling and thoughts. Most customers prefer Vodafone as compare to fixed line and broadband services. Vodafone recognized that day to day new things are being inventing and customers needs are changing rapidly. Vodafone understand that to success in business changes must be med in organization. It is looking for new and innovative ways to facilitate the customers and provide every opportunity in simple way. The connectivity of technology with telecommunication industries supports the economic development of a country. ROLE OF CHANGE MANAGEMENT IN ORGANIZATION According to researches conducted on many top organizations shows that the main reason for project failure is that peoples have different dimension of change. The effective implementation of change management is considered one of the top three factors in a successful project. Change Management Some simple definitions: Change management: making change in a designed and controlled way. Organizational change: any modification, amendment in people, organizational structure or technology. Types of change: Normally there are four types of change which can be made in any organization: Operational change: Applying changes to way of continuing operations of the business. For example: change from manual to automation of any particular area. Strategic changes: Modifications that take place towards the intentional business direction. Cultural changes: Those change which affect the basic values and beliefs of the organization on which business objective can be achieved. Political changes: These types of changes normally occur in government organization with political influence. DEALING WITH RESISTANCE TO CHANGE People refuse to accept change, whenever management intends to change in organization. Large investment is made for company changes, and for their efforts towards change, the only reason that try to stop the process of change is resistance among employees. Sometimes change may be dangerous for the employees working in organization, but changes also have positive effects at higher level management for advantage of organization. Some of the reasons for resistances are following. in detail should be discussed later. It is obvious that people dont like those changes which are against their needs and interest. There are three main reasons on which people resist change. Hesitation or ambiguity Worry about personal loss Think that the change is not better for organizations objectives. Techniques for reducing resistance: For reducing resistance, different approaches are adapted by management. These approaches may include: Contribution Facilities and support Awareness and education Negotiation Forceful and friendly behavior Different approaches at different times are used by management depends on source and type of modification. ADVANTAGES OF CHANGE MANAGEMENT: The advantages of change management include: Understanding of surrounding: It is important for managers to understand assess the environment and outside surrounding in order to establish better relationship with government and other stakeholders. For change management it will benefit that what is going on in surrounding. Objectives, policy making and completion: Other advantage is that by knowing the impact of change at irrelevant level on internal environment, the managers can set policy and implement change after careful consideration. Human resource: The recipients of the change are the employees of the organization, whenever change is implanted. Senior managers should make organization most reliable for high performance of employees in competitive environment. Technological problems: It is great and tough challenge for organization to acquire and combine the technology with organizations tactic, structure and course of actions. In todays environment, we can say that technology is the heart of economic growth. CHANGES IN VODAFONE Operational change was incorporated by Vodafone in order to achieve operational brilliances in the field of telecommunication industry; the operational change was implemented with greater level of management by Vodafone due to good experiences in telecommunication industry for many years. The continuing process of the organization may me disrupted by unplanned implementation of change ad may discontinue the ongoing operational process. Normally operational changes in organization make modification in work process. People do not want to accept changes because they dont want to change their daily routine of the processes. BEST APPROACH ADOPTED BY VODAFONE Before adopting change, Vodafone shared the methods and consequences of change with employees. Vodafone considers the opinions shared by employees, and other stakeholders with great responsibility. Operational changes: The change was implemented by Vodafone in various sessions. Before implementing change in whole business unit, Firstly the change was implemented in one department of business unit system. The benefit of this is that it provides the opportunity to employees of Vodafone to understand, and recognize the change is occurring around them. This process of implementing change in slow and balances way helps Vodafone employees gain knowledge of new process rapidly and efficiently as possible. For this purpose the operational change was implemented in organized and planned manner by Vodafone. Strategic changes: When there is real and extensive need for strategic change in organization structure, Vodafone realizes and incorporates the strategic change. Strategic changes are very sensitive in internal and external environment, the strategic changes makes strong effects on the strategic policy of the company and in establishing the brand name of the company in the eyes of consumers. The strategic changes were handled by Vodafone for acquiring new marketplace and industries for their satisfaction. The problem faced by Vodafone in handling the change is changing to spirited environment, the ability to change quickly, competently, and fruitfully in all the incidences. These organizational changes may involve in most of the cases different types and levels of loss for the organization and employees. For example, some extra efforts and input from different people are required in every type of change in organization for understanding the change in operation, the employee think that it is waste of time and resources, it can be used any other activity. On the other side most of the employees welcome the change and think that its a learning opportunity, some employees do not want to contribute time and energy required for change unless change is for the benefit of the employee and employees are dissatisfied with the current activities of the organization. Other reason for acceptance of change is some employees may like to discover any decency in the change. IMPORTANCE OF CHANGE MANAGEMENT: Change management is very important concept. It is an integral part of business management, but due to increase in information technology it creates seriousness. Good business can be operated by good change management system. Change management was very important for Vodafone because it has to compete with other telecommunication organization. Change management is not only to implement the new approach but it also include control of technology infrastructure telecommunication system in which changes are handled with organized, efficient, consistent, precise and limited approach. In Vodafone changes caused fro technology, increase in competition and new facilities which are required by customers. To provide high class of services like multimedia, good voice quality, rapidly connecting with people, high speed GPRS etc, changes are very important for providing these services. REASONS FOR CHANGE: There are many reasons which cause the change in Vodafone. Because the business of the Vodafone is depend on technology, the main factor for change is technology. Some of the other factors are following: Purpose: In todays environment changes are occurring in place of work. It is very important for the organization for the competition with other organizations to remain flexible and find new ways of doing business from which purpose can be achieved. The purpose of Vodafone is to provide competitive facilities to customers, so it causes the change management program. Facilities: The change basically refers adjustment in services and facilities such as new policies, new need of customers, the services provided by competitor, implementing new technology for providing new facilities, change in structure fir providing new facilities, making new departments etc. Vodafone regularly changes the technology and implement the change for providing new facilities. Exterior causes: Organizational change may occur due to pressures of environment like change in market demands, competitors new facility, financial limitation etc. due to technology and competitors new services cause the Vodafone to change the technology and provide new services. Environment: The changes in environment also caused the organization to change such as political influence, legal problems, and availability of resources. Vodafone also needs changes in some services because legal environment may restrict in some conditions. Involvement of third party: The investors may make pressures on management to take actions for improvement, it may cause change. When profits of Vodafone was low in initial stage the investors got involved, that cause a great change in organization structure. Strategy: To increase the business value, the management may consider that to run the business effectively, some changes may be necessary in the strategies to achieve the business objective. REASONS FOR THE COMPANY TO EMBRACE THE CHANGE Those people who see on past and present only, can miss the benefits of future. We can say that change is law of life. Change is unavoidable. Every thing is changing regularly such as world, globe, procedure of business, method of communication etc. most of the people resist the change without analyzing it. The main reason for change e in Vodafone is technology. Due to this reason Vodafone has to change its structure, hire new employee, changes in facilities and services, training to employees, change its working environment. In short the increase in technology development everything has to change for using that technology effectively in Vodafone. CHANGE MANAGEMENT PROCESS: The change management process is the sequence of actions or steps which a change management tam has to follow for applying the change management to a plan or modification. The phases of change management process: The Vodafone must use following change management process model in order to achieve success in implementing change: Phase 1: Preparing for change: In this step the management should first of all describe and explain the change management approach, select the members for team and prepare a change management team, develop finance model. Phase 2: Managing change: It is a detailed planning and it also includes change management implementation. For managing change the change management team should develop plans for change management, and then take necessary actions for implementing those plans. Phase 3: Reinforcing change: This process normally includes data gathering and steps taken for remedial actions. To strength the change the change management team should obtain feedback and evaluate it for effective change implementation, identify gaps, manage resistance, implement remedial action and when change gets success celebrate it. STAKE HOLDERS ANALYSIS The organizational chart and relevant external bodies can be used for identification of the types of stakeholders. Before beginning the project formation it is necessary to identify all the relevant stakeholder groups for ensuring that all the items have covered. After identification the organization should discuss with stakeholders to identify their desires and views, consider them into the overall project requirement. We can say that this step is a consultative approach with each stakeholder to identify different needs, desires and wants of stakeholders and then include them in the project for change management. Considering the significant importance of individuals, their requirements, wants, desires and needs is a susceptible area and most organizations avoid discussing the relevance and importance of the other peoples. If the change management team has decided to discuss with stakeholders then the organization shall determine the best approach or way for implementing change. All stakeholders must e informed and have reasonable knowledge of what is expected form them and about their reaction. After consideration of stake holders level and project requirement level, management tam has the sufficient information of each factor of change plan and these factors contribute in making key decisions. OTHER PROCESS FOR SUCCESSFUL CHANGE: We have many experiences for change which we have faced during work and life, then why in initiating change struggle most off the organization fail. We observe that only 20% to 25% changes get success. The change is very important to remain competitive in the market. Due to nature of the business of Vodafone it is necessary for it to remain flexible and make modifications regularly. Whether the change is of an amalgamation or acquisition, reformation, main system implementation, or a shift. Change management is becoming a desirable main proficiency for businesses, it enable in achieving competitive improvement supported by their capability to change rapidly, and help in maintaining high performance and confidence. There are following key steps to ensure successful change: Establish an unambiguous business underlying principle: Normally organizational change resulted from a business requirement or opportunity. The ambiguous in the underlying principles results in plan that seep away from their objective, gradually withdraw. For doing change every organizational proposal should be combined with business case. In this way the fluctuations in business situation can not be caused by change struggle. The features of change in business policy can only result in alteration or amendment in change proposal. Review organizational promise: It motivates the employees to alter work. To ensure successful change the organization should know employees issues, determine their willingness, and study existing barriers. Determine and express obvious outcomes: For improving organizational performance, workers satisfaction, faithfulness and efficiency, take some actions and be brave in stating them to achieve change. The organizations should attempt to determine in order to take appropriate action for successful change. Normally most of the organizations gauge satisfaction levels, not gauge the behaviors which will normally made from satisfaction. In every case we support our customers with organizational change whether the desired outcomes are quantifiable on not. Put out the change: To success in this step some of the approaches must be followed. These approaches depend upon: content of change nature of change culture of organization Some of the specific approaches are following: A complete development plan should be developed which starts from the change stage to point where results are able to seen. Organizations existing system and policies should be connected with the change efforts, if possible, and spontaneously make it as part of organizations structure and policy and procedures. For confirming the success of people in change situation, necessary performance support must be provided. Above four steps basically cover the route for efforts in successful change. For success of the organizational change, there are also two extra continuing activities. Managing organizational culture Recovery from problems of individual and organization RECOMMENDATIONS: Vodafone should focus on long term business problem solution Vodafone should consider the stakeholders both internally as well as externally (at local level) for improvements in future and managing change Vodafone should: provide training to employees dealing with customers and handling query Vodafones current status of compliance with code of conduct should be available at local operating corporations Vodafone should use the technique for reducing resistance and provide the employees any kind of incentive for accepting change For achieving success in change implementation, Vodafone should adopt change management process. Vodafone should determine the reasons for change and make analysis for their solution. Vodafone should also consider both the advantages and disadvantages of current system and desired system. Before any modification, Vodafone should know the stakeholders who will be affected from change and discuss with them for a better result. Vodafone should observe the reasons for change and consider how these caused influence the organization. CONCLUSION: This report contained change management aspects of Vodafone and some general concepts. There are many approaches for change management provided by different theorist. One of the best approaches for Vodafone which they have applied is apply the operational change in different sessions. The change management plays very important role in organization because change is unavoidable. Every thing is continuously changing for example technology, our communication style, need of customers etc. so the organization should know the importance of change and for achieving desired result considers the how we can achieve desired result by changing ay aspect of the organization. There are commonly four types of change. In this report we analyzed the two changes in Vodafone and their approaches. Employees refuse to accept change because there may be ambiguity in reporting or hesitation among employees or think that change is wastage of time and resources or the change is not better for the organizatio ns objectives. For getting success in implement ting change the Vodafone can follow the change management process which contains three steps. For changing effective it is a good tool for preparing, managing and making the change. Its steps include preparing for change (select members for change management teal and define the change), managing change (development of plan and then implementation of change by using those plans) and reinforcing change (obtain feedback, identify gaps, take remedial action for implementation). Another model for successful change may include these steps. First establishment of a clear business rule or underlying principle, then determine the outcomes, review the promises impliedly or expressly done by the organization and in final stage carry out the change. The main cause for change in Vodafone is that the needs of customers and the services of the competitors are regularly changing, so for serving the customers and fulfilling the needs of customers and c ompete with the other organizations it is necessary for the Vodafone to modify its services. Other factors also cause the change in Vodafone which may include the purpose because it was very difficult for Vodafone to achieve its purposes easily so it becomes reason for change, another reason is the change in facilities, external causes and environmental conditions cause the situation for change, third party intervention in performing procedures for achieving desired result change in strategy causes the overall change in the organization. For future success in change management the Vodafone should consider both stakeholders internally and externally, observe the influence of environment, consider advantages and disadvantages, discuss with all effectors and should introduce incentive plan for reducing resistance.

Rasputin Essay -- essays research papers

Gregory Efimovich Rasputin is one of the most debated characters of the 20th Century. Thousands have discussed whether Rasputin was a holy man who came to the aide of the royal family or more simply, a cheat who thrived in womanising and in truth, a man who had a debauched sexual appetite. After all the word "Rasputin" in Russian mean "the debauched one". But in the following pages, I will try to explore a better side of Rasputin; I will attempt to give an accurate analysis of Rasputin and let the facts prove who Rasputin was. On 10 January 1869, in the midst of a harsh winter, Gregory Efimovich Rasputin was born in the Siberian village of Pokrovskoye. Little is known of his background. His father, Efimy, was a farmer of moderate success, married to a wife, Anna, who had already provided him with an older son, Dimitri. Although later enemies were to allege that Rasputin's surname was in fact an insult meaning "debauched" in Russian, it had been the family name for years, derived from the word for a fork in the road. Pokrovskoye perched on the banks of the Tura River in Tobolsk Province; Pokrovskoye was a typical Russian peasant village where few if any were educated and town’s people were religious, narrow minded and fearful. When Rasputin was eight years old, he suffered his first tragedy. He was playing with his older brother along the banks of the Tura when Dimitri fell and was drowned. Shortly thereafter, Rasputin began to startle his fellow-villagers by making amazing predictions. In one incident, Rasputin correctly identified a horse thief. As a teenager, Rasputin paid a visit to the local Verkhoturye Monastery. Here he encountered not only the Orthodox Church he had known from his childhood but also a number of heretical sects. Principals among these were the Khlysty and the Skopsty. The first group held that only through sin could one truly repent and receive God's grace, while the second believed that if a penitent studied long enough, it was possible to attain a semi-divine nature and escape earthly judgment. When Rasputin returned to Pokrovskoye, he was a changed man: he impressed his fellow villagers with his impressive religious exhortations, spiced up with half-understood bits of doctrine he had picked up at Verkhoturye. Contrary to common belief, the "monk" Rasputin was in... ...holas had set a path to glory for Nicholas, who himself is man of poor intellect. Tsarevich Nicholas Alexandrovich. At the time of his father's death in late 1894, Nicholas was an inexperienced youth wholly unprepared for the great task destiny had placed on his shoulders. Nicholas II was barely twenty-six years old at the time of his accession. During his son's golden youth, Alexander III did not allow his son Nicholas much participation in affairs of government. It is likely that Alexander III feared that his eldest son was not intellectually capable of handling the inheritance that was rightfully his. Therefore, the father kept postponing the son's introduction in to the daily running of Russia. Not one person, most of all Alexander III, ever imagined that this young and inexperienced Romanov would ascend the throne as early in life as he did. Czar Nicholas II’s mother Czarina Maria-Feodorovna was nortorouis as a mother who did not allow her children to grow. Therefor a ltering the young Czar’s behaviour to that all would regret. As Leon Trotsky once said: "His ancestors did not bequeath him one quality which would have made him capable of governing an empire"

The Main Outcomes of the Industrial Revolution Essay -- Industrial Rev

The Main Outcomes of the Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution had a huge impact on society. The major effects were socially and economically. It is rather difficult to date the start of the industrial revolution but history books of today suggest the onset during the 18th century. The change from agriculture to industry was vast and it must be remembered that England was the first country to undergo this profound change. The initial effect on engineering industries arising at the start of the Industrial Revolution were due partly to the geographical location of the resources i.e. coal iron and water. The inventiveness of our ancestors in these as well as other industries such as textiles chemical electrical and transportation contributed greatly to the Industrial Revolution. The first two of these coal and iron provided the capital infrastructure and options for future development, whilst textiles supported and encouraged developments. Coal was originally mined by small group’s even families, using the long wall system. * SEE DIA 1. This technique was changed dramatically with the invention of the Commen engine. * SEE DIA 2. (named after its inventor THOMAS NEWCOMMEN) This was a pump that pumped the water out of coalmines allowing deeper more productive mines to be worked by more people. [This in turn had effects on the production of iron] In the early 1700s iron was produced by burning vast quantities of wood. The production techniques were crude. Technology had already provided machines like the newcommen engine; this pumping device allowed ABRAHAM DARBY II to fill a millpond to power a water wheel for a blast furnace. This enabled the production of better quality pig iron. This technique provided the iron for the manufacture of one of the major symbols of the industrial revolution the Ironbridge over the river seven. * SEE DIA 3. A water wheel also played a major part in one of the first inventions within the textile industry. RICHARD ARKWRIGHT invented the water frame for spinning (1769) this device was used by local man JEDEDIAH STRUTT in a mill at Cromford. The changes within the textile industry from wool to cotton called for more and more mechanisation. The mechanisation of the industry also led the setting up of the first factories; some of the first major mechanical devices were to be used in these factories. Such as JOH... ...820 employers organisations registered, they mainly dealt with wage bargaining and labour questioning in general. A forum was created for the exchange of technical ideas and development. Pressure groups encouraged favourable legislation. In today’s industry, employers’ organisations fall into two categories: 1. Those concerned with the common interest of a particular trade or technology. The engineering employers federation in London co-ordinates the engineering employers association, this operates at local level and is largely concerned with wage bargaining and representing engineering employers interests locally and nationally. 2. General groups of employers, for example, the confederation of British industry, this balances the role of the TUC this also acts as a pressure group encouraging favourable government response to the requirements of British industry at home and abroad. There are also technical development associations, providing a forum for technical exchange, carrying out fundamental research on behalf of their member companies, one of these being the copper development association (C.D.A.). and the motor industry research association (M.I.R.A.).

Advantages and Disadvantages of Robotic Surgery

Advantages and Disadvantages of Robotic Surgery Tresha Reid-Matthew DeVry University Robotic Surgery is a surgical technology in the world of healthcare that doctors are opting to use for many surgical procedures on humans today. Robotic surgery is a procedure that involves a surgeon manipulating the hands of a robot. Many people don’t know enough about  robotic surgery. It is very important for everyone to familiarize themselves with this technology because in the near future this equipment has the potential to take over the operating rooms of many hospitals.The goal of this paper is to give some basic information about how Robotic surgical procedures has evolved and to bring to light some of the ways robotic surgical procedures might affect you one day. When I was faced with the choice of having robotic surgery two months ago I felt like I didn’t know enough about the technology. I had no knowledge of how this type of surgery would affect me. I would like people to be able to understand how this technology will affect their lives.For this assignment I decided to research the advantages and drawback of robotic surgery to inform everyone about this technology so that if faced with this choice you won’t be in the dark like I was. INTRODUCTION On television in shows such as Grey’s Anatomy the process of conventional surgical procedure are acted out on screen for the world to watch. In the near future many scenes in such shows will have to be altered to feature the surgeries being done by physicians with robotic surgical devices (if they haven’t already done so already). Robotic surgeries are becoming very common in our society.It is very important for everyone to know and understand what this practice entail so that if presented with the choice of human or machine one can make the right choice. I was living my life day to day like many people. I exercise when I can and I eat right. For a period of a little over a year I was ex periencing abdominal pains so my doctors put me through many series of exams. One of the test results came back abnormal showing that I had a tumor. Being a young woman that is recently married I was scared so I decided to have my tumor removed right away.When my husband and I sat down to discuss my options with my physician I was given a choice   between a conventional procedure that is performed solely by a human doctor or robot assisted surgical procedure that involves an actual surgeon manipulating the hands of a robotic machine. I was very frightened about the thought of having a machine working on my body because the idea was foreign to me. I heard about robots working on car and I heard of the surgical procedure but I never actually though about being the subject of one of these devices.I wasn’t confident enough about this type of surgery so I opted to go with the conventional type of procedure. Robotic surgery is performed everyday around the world and it has the po tential to dominate the world of surgery, however it has advantages and disadvantages. Discussion Many people might think that this is a topic of no interest to them because right now they don’t need a surgical procedure done or they have no plans of having a surgical procedure. To those people I would like to say neither did I!To make light of this subject the first thing I would like to do is provide a timeline that show a brief history on the development stage of robotic surgical machines. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1921 a Czechoslovakian play writer named Karel Capez introduced and coined the term robot in a play called Rossom’s Universal Robots†. The play writer based the term off of the Czech meaning of the word â€Å"forced labor† (Long, 2007). ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1923 The term robots entered the English language (Long, 2007). In the begging of the robots career they started relatively as â€Å"dumb machines† that did onl y slavish repetitive tasks.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     1985 Robotic Surgeries began with a robotic machine called the Puma 560. The user of the robot was a surgeon named Kwoh et al who perform neurosurgical biopsies with the machine. He wanted to be as accurate as possible and felt the machine would be able to perform a greater precision. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next person to use the Puma 560 was Davies et al three years later during a transurethral resection of the prostate Lippincott, W (2004). ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The next system that was later developed was PROBOT. This was a robot designed especially to assist with transurethral resection a man’s prostate.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   During the same time period that PROBOT was being developed, another machine called the ROBODOC was being developed. This robotic was designed to assist with precision of hip replacements. ROBODOC was the first surgical robot approved by the FDA. ?à ‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Researchers from the National Air and Space Administration (NASA) Ames became interested in using the information that was present from the previous robots to develop a technology called   telepresence surgery. The technology of telepresence became the major driving force behind the development of surgical robotic robots as we know them today. Lippincott, W (2004) ? 990’s Scientists from the National Air Space Administration teamed up with the Stanford Research Institute (SRI) to developed a dexterous telemanipulator for hand surgery with a design goal of give the surgeon the sense of   literally operating on the patient in front of them somewhat, instead of from across the room. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   The US Army recognized   the work being done by at the Stanford Research Institute and became interested of treating wounded soldiers remotely instead of putting   the surgeons in arms way the idea was to be able to treat solde rs and decrease mortality by â€Å"bringing the surgeon to the wounded soldier—through telepresence. ? Many of the surgeons and engineers working on surgical robotic systems for the Army eventually formed commercial ventures. These ventures lead to the introduction of robotics to civilian surgical communities. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Computer Motion, Inc. of Santa Barbara, CA. This company used funding provided by the US Army to develop the Automated Endoscopic System for Optimal Positioning (AESOP), a robotic arm controlled by the surgeon voice commands to manipulate an endoscopic camera.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Shortly after AESOP was marketed, Integrated Surgical Systems (now Intuitive Surgical) of Mountain View, CA, licensed the SRI Green Telepresence Surgery system. This system underwent extensive redesign and was reintroduced as the Da Vinci (one of the world most used surgical assisted device today. ?  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   One year later C omputer Motion put the Zeus system into production   Robotic surgery today has certainly come a long way. The surgical procedure is similar to when it was first developed but more advanced in terms of the many procedures that robots can assist with.The device as we know it today is equipped with cameras and enhanced visual effects, to allow doctors the option of getting inside the body through tiny incisions and reparing what ever is necessary to be repared. The surgical procedure that I underwent conventionally is done by a surgeon making an eight to ten inch cut at the bottom of my stomach (very similar to the cut a woman gets when delivering a baby). I was hospitalized for three days and was given pain medication around the clock. Dr.Thad Denehy, MD (my surgeon) advised me that Robots in the field of surgery have dramatically changed the procedure and that my greatest benefit to having the Robotic Surgery was less pain, less bleeding and less scaring. Since the machine uses cam eras and enhanced visual effects, doctors make smaller incisions. The Da Vinci and Zeus system each use â€Å"arms† to operate. In order for these arms to get inside the body and operate, the robot only requires a one centimeter incision to fit each arm. For my procedure it would have required   three tiny incisions on my abdomen.The cut would have been about   one centimeter in   length (a little less than a half of an inch) to fit the arms of the robot instead of a 20 inch cut (about 8 inches) at the bottom of my stomach. According to Dr. Denehy the advantage to having the robot assist surgical procedure would have been that I would get smaller cuts the smaller cuts. He explained that smaller cuts are better because a large incision would require more time to heal. Another potential great advantage from getting the robot assist surgery Dr. Denhey explained would be less blood loss.This would be good for patients who are anemic (low blood count) or for people with medi cal conditions that cause them to bleed easily. In my case Im anemic so I would benefit from this procedure. With less blood loss and smaller incisions the the Dr. went on to advise me that would be less than half the recovery time of conventional surgery. Two weeks to full recovery instead of eight weeks to full recovery. This could be a determining factor for many people. a person who don’t have the luxury of staying out of work for more than eight weeks would be back to work in some cases as early as one week.According to Dr. Denehy the larger the cut the more trauma it cause to a persons body and the risk of getting an infection is high. Though Dr. Denehyy had such wonderful things to say about Robotic surgery I still wast convinced. One major disadvantage for me was the amount of experience he had with using the Robot assist device. He had only performed 32 surgeries using this machine while with the conventional surgery he had performed over 2000. I was very concerned a bout his experience level with this machine. This surgeon was recommended to me by two other doctors. According to Dr.Wai (One of my regular gynecologist) during my exam (before going to see Dr. Denhey) Dr. Denhey was the best surgeon in her opinion to remove my tumor. I was very freigtened that the best qualified doctor for the job only did this procedure 32 times with the robot that offered so many promises. In my research I learned that since robotic surgical procedure is a new technology   its uses and efficacy have not yet been well established (Anthony R. Lanfranco, BAS, Andres E. Castellanos, MD, Jaydev P. Desai, PhD,*† Ã‚   William C. Meyers, MD   (2011). I spoke with two surgions new in the field (Dr.Steven Choe, MD and Dr. Poovendran, Saththasivam, MD. to see if maybe Dr. Denehy experience level was due to him being an older surgeon. I was very surprised to learn that both new doctors had never used this equipment. I was told by both physicians that it wasnâ€℠¢t mandatory to learn how to use the machine but since the hospital had just purchased the machine they were both going to get training for using this machine. Surgeons start out their careers without learning about the robots initially. It is not mandatory for them to learn how to use the machine. This made me think of another disadvantage.What would happen if the surgeon performing the surgery become ill and need assistance. Who would jump in and assist him with the procedure ? If all surgions arnt on the same page with knowing how to use the machine Im not sure if this surgery is a benefit at all. As a patient I would be most confident knowing that if something should go wrong during the procedure with the health of my doctor another physicial in the vicinity of the hospital is ready and capable of jumping in and completing the procedure. According to Dr. many surgions still lack the skills of working with the surgical robot.Another disadvantage was that to date, most of the stud ies that have been done for the surgical robots has been of practicality of the equipment . The researchers of the technology haven’t done any follow up studies to date on a long-term period. At leart thatwas what my surgeon advised me during my consutation. I also learned that many procedures performed with the robotic surgical device will also soon be redesigned to optimize the use of robotic arms and increase efficiency. This is great for a patient looking to have a procedure done in the future but not so great for a patient waiting to have a procedure done today.Many of the disadvantages seem to be projects that can all go away with time and experience it see very likely that many disadvantages be remedied in the future( Anthony R. Lanfranco, BAS, Andres E. Castellanos, MD, Jaydev P. Desai, PhD,*† Ã‚   William C. Meyers, MD 2011) It became clear to me that though this technology offer many advantages there are some disadvantages that really concerns me. One of them b eing that because this equipment requires a surgeon to move the instruments while watching a video monitor potentially a lot could go wrong.Robot assist surgeries requires the surgeon to move in the opposite direction from the target on the monitor. If the surgeon becomes tired and forgets that he is to be moving in the opposite direction he or she can cause major damages. In order for this to work correctly it require a lot of hand eye coordination and great hand and finger dexterity. The idea that this procedure is done through the eyes and fingers of a human being, lead me to believe that this type of procedure is not safety proof.Perhaps even more important than the probability of a fault is the ability to detect that a fault has indeed occurred and prevent hazards resulting from it, that is, allow the robot to â€Å"fail safely†. This usually involves shutting the robot down and removing it from the patient, and having the operation manually completed by a surgeon. As th e task which the robot undertakes becomes more and more complicated, there is an increasing need for more complex hardware and software components (faster response, better accuracy, more degrees of freedom).This increases the probability of error exponentially. Software is notoriously difficult to reason about, while hardware reliability never ceases to be of prime importance. CONCLUSIONS Robotic surgery is rapidly making its way into the progression of surgical procedures as we know it today. Though the technology is fairly new it’s becoming the choice for surgery for both surgeon and patients. Many individuals still feel that they need time to completely trust theses machines and would probably consider it in a few more years.With the further use of this machine the pros will more than likely outweigh the cons. The more surgeons use this machine they will become more familiar with the different capabilities of Robotic Surgical devices. They will also figure out ways getter better trained and getting a lot of practice using the equipment. More studies will be done on the feasibility of the technology. Conventional Surgical techniques took thousands of years to develop to where it is today adding this new dimension to it will further expand and make better the many practices.People such as myself will take a second look at having the robot assist in with surgical procedures that involve myself and will probably be more excited about having to get smaller incisions and reduced recovery time for after surgery. References Brown University. (1999). Robotic surgery. Retrieved from http://biomed. brown. edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2005_Groups/04/   Long, T. (2007, January 25). The robot cometh. Retrieved from http://www. wired. com/science/discoveries/news/2007/01/72500 Parmar, A. (2001). STRESS-FREE SURGERY. Siliconindia, 5(10), 44. Interview with Dr. DenehyInterview with  First year surgical resident at saint peters University Hospital Steven Choe Interview with first year sergical resident Povendran, saththasivam at saint peters university hospital Websites http://biomed. brown. edu/Courses/BI108/BI108_2008_Groups/group12/Roboticsurgery. html http://www. ncbi. nlm. nih. gov/pmc/articles/PMC1356187/ http://www. onlineschools. org/robotic-surgical-technology/ http://library. thinkquest. org/03oct/00760/ http://www. medscape. com/viewarticle/466691_5 Anthony R. Lanfranco, BAS, Andres E. Castellanos, MD, Jaydev P. Desai, PhD,*† Ã‚   William C. Meyers, MD SUMMARY